Crypto Reaching All-Time Highs: Understanding Capital Gains Tax and How It Works
The cryptocurrency market is known for its rapid price swings, attracting both seasoned investors and beginners. When Bitcoin or Ethereum hit record highs, many investors sell for a profit. However, these gains come with tax implications.
In this blog, we'll cover the basics of crypto taxation in the UK and offer strategies to minimise your tax liability while still remaining compliant.
What is Capital Gains Tax?
Capital gains tax (CGT) is the tax charged when selling an asset for more than it costs to buy. Such assets could include stocks, real estate investments, and cryptocurrencies such as Bitcoin and Ethereum.
How Does Capital Gains Tax Apply to Cryptocurrency?
In the UK, when you sell, trade, or use your cryptocurrency, you will be subject to capital gains tax.
Buying and Holding Crypto
In the UK, the HMRC (Her Majesty's Revenue and Customs) treats cryptocurrency as an asset subject to CGT when disposed of. Disposing of cryptocurrency includes selling, trading, or using it to purchase goods or services. Any gain must be reported to HMRC and is taxed accordingly.
Use of Crypto to Purchase Goods or Services
HMRC treats cryptocurrency as an asset, so any gains made on its sale are taxable. This applies even if you exchange cryptocurrency for another type of cryptocurrency or use it for purchases. If your total gains for the year exceed the annual exempt amount (currently £12,300 for individuals), you will need to pay CGT on the excess.
Reporting Cryptocurrency Gains to HMRC
Cryptocurrency transactions must be reported in your self assessment tax returns. You need to accurately record all cryptocurrency transactions, including purchases, sales, and exchanges, and report any gains or losses to HMRC.
Crypto-to-Crypto Trades
Switching one cryptocurrency for another (e.g., Bitcoin for Ethereum) can also be considered taxable, as the gain is determined based on its fair market value minus its cost basis compared with what was initially given up as consideration for exchanging.
Common Taxable Events in Cryptocurrencies
Understanding which activities constitute taxable events can help ensure compliance:
Selling crypto for fiat currency: This is the easiest and simplest taxable event.
Trading crypto for crypto: Exchanging one cryptocurrency for another exchange rate transaction is also taxable, as is selling and buying one cryptocurrency for another.
Use crypto for purchases: Spending crypto is subject to capital gains tax in UK based on any changes in value between when it was acquired and when you spent it.
Earn crypto income: Receiving cryptocurrency through mining, staking, or payment for goods/services is considered as miscellaneous income or trading income, subject to income tax, not CGT.
How to Calculate Capital Gains in Crypto
To calculate capital gains in cryptocurrency, follow these steps:
Estimate the Cost Basis:
This represents the original purchase price of cryptocurrency, including any fees.
Determine the Sale Price:
This figure represents what was paid out when selling or exchanging cryptocurrency, including fees.
Calculating Gain or Loss:
Subtract the cost basis from the sale price; if it's positive, that represents your gain or loss.
Example: Say that in 2024, you purchased one Bitcoin for £20,000 and later sold it for £40,000. Your capital gain would be £20,000 (£40,000 minus £20,000 = £20,000).
Reporting Crypto Assets on Your Tax Return
In the UK, cryptocurrency transactions must be reported to HMRC on your self-assessment tax return. You need to keep a record of all your transactions, including dates, amounts, and prices, and calculate your capital gains or losses for the tax year. You will report this information on the capital gains tax section of your return.
Tax Strategies to Optimise Capital Gains
Long-Term Gains:
If you hold cryptocurrency for more than a year before selling it, it can be subject to lower capital gains tax rates, depending on your total taxable income.
Tax-Loss Harvesting:
In the UK, if you sell cryptocurrency at a loss, you can offset this loss against other taxable gains, potentially reducing your overall CGT liability.
Annual Exempt Amount:
Make sure to take advantage of the annual exempt amount to reduce your CGT liability.
Conclusion
Crypto's highs are exciting, but they come with tax responsibilities. Understanding capital gains tax in the UK is key to staying compliant and maximising profits. Proactive tax planning can save you money and stress.
Important: This is a general guide. For personalised advice and tools, contact Taxd.
FAQs
1. Do I owe capital gains tax if I hold cryptocurrency without selling it?
No. Capital gains taxes only become payable upon an event that triggers them, such as selling, trading, or using your cryptocurrency to purchase goods and services.
2. Are cryptocurrency-to-crypto trades subject to taxes even if I do not convert to fiat currency?
Yes, crypto-to-crypto trades are considered taxable events. For example, when exchanging Bitcoin for Ethereum, the transaction should be considered a taxable event, and you should calculate its fair market value in fiat currency at the time of trade to ascertain any capital gains or losses associated with your trading activity.
3. Can I sell cryptocurrency at a loss and use it to reduce my tax liability?
Yes, if you sell cryptocurrency at a loss, you can use that loss to offset capital gains from other investments, potentially reducing your overall tax liability.
4. Are gifts or donations of cryptocurrency subject to capital gains tax?
Gifts of cryptocurrency are generally not subject to CGT if made to a spouse or civil partner, as this is exempt. Gifts to others may trigger CGT, calculated based on the asset's market value. Donations to UK-registered charities may also have tax benefits, but these require proper documentation and aren't always exempt from CGT.
